Email: wkt@cs.adfa.oz.au
Note this document is slightly dated, but still useful.
Several sections of this paper require some knowledge of amateur packet radio operation, Internet site operation, connecting hardware, and Internet security. These sections will be marked, and I will try to summarise each section in a manner that does not require this knowledge.
This paper is intended for people who have to install a packet-Internet gateway, people who must maintain a packet-Internet gateway (both at the software and hardware level), people who manage a set of Internet machines, and people who provide the facilities for a set of Internet machines (such as a University). This is a wide range of readers, so I apologise in advance if you find some of the material too far below or above your level of understanding.
The amateur radio service consists of a large number of individuals (known as amateurs or Hams) throughout the world who use radio communications to pass messages, chat, do research into aspects of radio communications and exchange information with other amateurs on several radio frequencies that are allocated for their use. To become an amateur, an individual must undergo an examination which tests the individual's knowledge of the technical operation of radio equipment, radio propagation, electronic theory, as well as legal and other aspects of amateur radio. Thus amateurs form a highly technical, capable and responsible group of people, who are able to provide communication during emergencies, natural disasters, as well as for their own use.
The amateur radio service is also actively involved in finding new and more efficient forms of radio communication -- techniques such as single sideband radio and reduced spectrum radio were invented by amateurs. In the last decade or so, amateur radio operators have been involved in researching new forms of digital radio communications. This research has led several amateurs to experiment with different communication protocols for digital radio communications, including the TCP/IP protocols used on the Internet (see Appendix A).
The Internet protocols have been found to be very useful for radio networking, and are now used widely by amateurs. To this end, a block of 16,387,064 Internet addresses has been allocated to the worldwide amateur radio service.
Fast and effective digital radio communications is limited over large distances, due to the distortion and noise introduced by the atmosphere, and the curvature of the Earth. Amateurs have sought several methods to overcome these limitations, such as amateur satellites, which are designed and built by amateurs, and provide store and forward message capabilities as well as digital repeater services.
Another method of overcoming the distance limitation is to use the Internet itself to route digital messages between distant amateur stations. This is easy to accomplish as amateurs are able to use the same network protocols, TCP/IP, as used on the Internet. This method of long-distance amateur communication has been implemented at several places in the world: Australia, America, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Canada, and has been found to be very simple to set up and operate, and is very reliable.
There are two legal/policy aspects of these amateur radio--Internet gateways. The first is the amateur radio service enforces that amateur communications must be between two (or more) licensed amateurs: therefore, non-amateur Internet users must not be able to use the gateways to transmit messages. The second is that many AARNet/Internet sites' policy is to prevent non-registered users from accessing local/Internet resources: therefore amateurs may only pass messages to other amateur gateways. The software that controls the packet--Internet gateways has been written to solidly enforce these two conditions.
Figure 1: Packet--Internet Gateway Block Design
The gateway is a machine that runs the software that enables it to perform its function. Currently, this means that it must be an IBM PC computer or clone, running the latest version of the NOS software. The software itself is freely available, but is copyright by the software authors. For performance reasons, I would recommend a computer with at least the performance of a 20MHz IBM AT, A 386SX or DX of course would be better. If you plan on providing file transfer or mail access, a hard disk is needed.
Each interface must have a unique IP address, so that both the local amateurs and the other gateways can communicate with it. The Internet interface's address is assigned by the AARNet/Internet administrator of the institution, and the amateur radio interface's address is assigned by the local amateur IP administrator.
Each interface must also have the appropriate hardware needed for it to communicate with its destination. On the amateur radio side, a Terminal Node Controller, a transceiver and an antenna convert the packets from the gateway into radio transmissions that can be received by amateur stations. On the Internet side, there are two main options: an Ethernet card connects the gateway to the local area network, which is part of the AARNet/Internet, or a serial line connects the gateway to another machine in the institution which is on the local area network, and hence is part of the AARNet/Internet. The serial line can run either the SLIP or PPP protocol to communicate with the other machine.
That completes the overview of the hardware setup of the gateway. This leads on to several considerations:
In practice, this is not as simple, because of the following reason. Even though the global amateur community has been allocated a block of valid Internet addresses, none of the Internet machines in the world know how to send packets to these addresses. This is because up until recently, no amateur computers were connected to the Internet.
The easiest solution would be to advertise the routes to these addresses to all Internet machines, but this was not done for the following reasons:
Figure 2: Amateur Packet Encapsulation
The first packet shown is the packet transmitted by an amateur and received by the local gateway. At this level, the source and destination address are both amateur addresses. The local gateway determines which remote gateway this packet must be passed to, and encapsulates the packet inside a new packet, with source and destination addresses being the Internet addresses of the local and remote gateway. The packet is then placed on the Internet, where it is passed to the remote gateway.
This encapsulated packet (the second packet in Figure 2) is seen by the Internet to have a valid source and destination address, and can be passed to the remote gateway. The Internet sees the wrapped packet as data, which it ignores.
At the remote gateway, the packet is received and unwrapped; this is the third packet in Figure 2. The remote gateway determines which interface to transmit the unwrapped packet, according to the destination address. Reply messages are encapsulated in exactly the same manner.
The latest versions of NOS include AX.25 encapsulation, which operates in exactly the same way as normal IP encapsulation, thereby allowing long distance AX.25 communication while still obeying the 7 step limit [Kantor 1991].
You need to register the Internet name on the Domain Name Server for your local area network. You then need to register your amateur domain name with the Domain Name Server for the amateur service. This is the DNS server at ucsd.edu. To do this, send email to the following address: ampraddr@ucsd.edu. The subject line should be empty, and the email should have the following line:
name.callsign IN A amateur.radio.ip.addressFor example, the line I sent in for my gateway was:
minnie.vk1xwt IN A 44.136.7.129Aside: For those who understand DNS records, ucsd.edu will also accept CNAME and MX records. Also, you can delete previous entries by sending the same line, with the last field on the line the word `delete'. Additions and changes to the DNS at ucsd.edu usually take a few days to be entered, so make sure you get things right first.
This section will discuss aspects of a gateway's setup that I think need attention. To begin with, the hostname of the gateway should be the gateway's amateur domain name, as it will be used mainly by amateurs. Ensure that the gateway has a valid amateur callsign. Every interface used by the gateway should use the amateur IP address, except for the single interface to the Internet, which should use the Internet IP address. The default route should be the Internet interface, as badly addressed packets will not affect anybody there. Ensure that routes are as specific as possible: for example, if your local amateur address are of the form 44.136.0.x, then you should add a route to 44.136.0/24.
For AX.25 encapsulation to work, you need to already have an encapsulated IP route defined to the destination gateway, and vice versa.
When using the encapsulated AX.25 service, you must remember that you need to use the SSID of the interface you want to connect through. For example, to connect to minnie locally, you would do:
net> connect vk1xwt-1However, to connect to a machine in Hawaii through minnie, you need to use minnie's SSID of --4:
net> connect ah6bw-1 vk1xwt-4Similarly, a user in Hawaii connects to vk1xwt-4, but connects through vk1xwt-1.
New versions of NOS have solved this problem by adding packet filtering, known as `IP Access'. WIth IP access, the gateway can allow or refuse to transmit a packet on any interface according to the source IP address in the packet. Thus, access to amateur frequencies can be denied to all packets who have non-amateur IP addresses, i.e IP addresses that are not of the form 44.X.Y.Z.
IP Access is described more completely in the appendices and in the NOS documentation.
If you think that using RIP is a good idea, you must ensure that:
The mailbox provides features that you do not want amateur or non-amateur users to access:
You may wish to add other users entries, so that you can remotely Telnet to the gateway and modify its state. These entries should have a password, and you should never Telnet to the gateway from another amateur machine, as the password will be broadcast over the airwaves for other people to hear.
You may initially have SMTP enabled, and monitor the use of email to see if there is any current security problems; however, this leaves the gateway open for email interchange which may be illegal.
Again, this is a security problem, especially as many converse servers are run on amateur-only machines. Thus, Internet users could log into one converse server, and then transmit text via amateur frequencies to amateur-only machines.
This filtering, known as `TCP Access', allows insecure services such as SMTP and the converse service to be restricted to amateur-only IP addresses, i.e only 44.X.Y.Z addresses. Of course, if you believe that other services are insecure for one reason or another, you can use TCP Access to deny connections to them as well. More details on TCP Access are given in the appendices and in the NOS documentation.
The gateway software provides the method to connect amateur gateways together, while at the same time ensures the gateway can be operated correctly from both the amateur and non-amateur point of view.
I have operated and maintained a packet--Internet gateway in Canberra since April 1991, and have found it to be very reliable, very easy to maintain, and very secure. Moreover, due to the communication speeds used in the amateur community, the gateway has added a negligible burden to the AARNet/Internet use of my local network.
I would be glad to answer any questions that are emailed to me at the Internet mail address given at the beginning of this paper, although I cannot guarantee the promptness of my replies. I would also greatly appreciate comments, criticisms and suggestions about this paper and how it can be improved.
Warren Toomey vk1xwt.
[Diersing et al. 1989] R.J.Diersing, J.W.Ward. Packet Radio in the Amatuer Satellite Service. IEEE J Selected Areas in Communications, Vol 7 No 2. February 1989.
[Enmore 1990] G. Enmore n6gn. Physical Layer Considerations in Building a High Speed Amateur Radio Amateur Network. ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9th Computer Networking Conference. London, Ontario. Canada. September 1990.
[Flaherty 1988] P. Flaherty n9fzx. Digital Radio Networks and Spectrum Management. ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 7th Computer Networking Conference. Columbia, Maryland, America. October 1988.
[Geier et al. 1990] J. Geier, M. DeSimio wb8mpf and B. Welsh kd8wg. Network Routing Techniques and Their Relevance to Packet Radio Networks. ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9th Computer Networking Conference. London, Ontario. Canada. September 1990.
[Ioannidis et al. 1991] J. Ioannidis, D. Duchamp and G. Maguire Jr. IP-Based Protocols for Mobile Networking. ACM SIGCOMM '91 Conference. Zurich, Switzerland. September, 1991.
[Kahn et al. 1985] P.R.Kahn, H.E.Price, R.J.Diersing. Packet Radio in the Amateur Service. IEEE J Selected Areas in Communications, Vol 3, No 5. May 1985.
[Kantor 1991] B. Kantor wb6cyt. Internet Protocol Encapsulation of AX.25 Frames. Request for Comments memo 1226. May 1991.
[Karn 1990] P. Karn ka9q. MACA -- A New Channel Access Method for Packet Radio. ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9th Computer Networking Conference. London, Ontario. Canada. September 1990.
[Neben 1983] B. Neben k9bl. Packet Radio for Emergency Communications. ARRL Amateur Radio 2nd Computer Networking Conference. San Francisco, California. March 1983.
[Sproul et al. 1990] M. Sproul kb2ici and K. Sproul wu2z. Long Distance Packet Mail via Satellite. ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9th Computer Networking Conference. London, Ontario. Canada. September 1990.
[Woodburn et al. 1991] R. Woodburn and D. Mills. A Scheme for an Internet Encapsulation Protocol. Request for Comments memo 1241. July 1991.
Minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au is an Internet-AMPRnet gateway which routes packets between itself and other gateways via encapsulation. It also offers the following services:
The most important service is that of encapsulating AMPRnet packets destined for other gateways, and vice versa. Unlike most ordinary TCP/IP hosts, a gateway has two or more interfaces, and at least two IP addresses. Minnie has the following addresses and domain names:
Packet encapsulation is a two-way process. Minnie services the range of AMPRnet addresses 44.136.7.128 to 44.136.7.255, i.e 44.136.7.128/25. Other gateways who wish to route packets to this AMPRnet address range must include an encapsulated route so that packets will be encapsulated and then routed to minnie's Internet address, i.e
route addprivate 44.136.7.128/25 encap minnie.cs.adfa.oz.auSimilarly, minnie must have a corresponding set of encapsulated routes back to all the other gateways, e.g
... route addprivate dest_AMPRnet_range encap dest_gateway ...The list of encapsulated routes to all known gateways is available via anonymous ftp from minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au in the `gateways' directory, as the file `gateways.XXX', where `XXX' are digits.
@echo off PATH c:\bin;c:\ka9q\bin; rem rem Set up some environment variables for NOS rem rem set TMP=C:\tmp rem set TEMP=C:\tmp rem rem Sonment variables rem set USER=warren set TERM=nansi loadhigh \ka9q\bin\wd8003e 0x70 -o 5 0x280 0xc800 nosOn minnie, all of the gateway files and programs are kept under the KA9Q directory. The programs and batch files are kept in KA9Q\BIN. NOS uses the TMP or TEMP variable to determine where it creates temporary variables: I can't remember which one so I set both.
The packet driver for minnie's WD8003E card is then loaded. Each packet driver has a slightly different calling convention: here the driver is loaded to use software interrupt 0x7e, hardware interrupt 5, with the card's registers at 0x280 and the card's buffer memory at 0xc800. Only the interrupt numbers are of interest to NOS.
Finally, a batch file kept in KA9Q\BIN called NOS.BAT is executed.
@echo off :Again cd \ka9q set TZ=EST14 del \ka9q\spool\mqueue\*.lck del \ka9q\spool\mail\*.lck type nos.log >> nos_old.log del nos.log copy dom.txt domain.txt rem \ka9q\bin\oldnos.exe -d /ka9q minnie.net \ka9q\bin\jnos107b.exe -f minn107.cfg goto AgainOne line to note is that the domain.txt file (which holds TCP/IP name/address pairs) is recreated from the dom.txt file. This is done because some versions of NOS (for example GRINOS), would rewrite the file, removing any comments. This ensures that an original version is kept intact.
Finally, the NOS program is started. This can be done in two ways. With some NOS flavours, you specify the directory where all the configuration files are kept, and the NOS initialisation file, e.g
\ka9q\bin\oldnos.exe -d /ka9q minnie.netWith these flavours, all of the NOS service configuration files are kept in fixed locations in the NOS directory, which can be inflexible. In new NOS flavours, e.g JNOS 1.07, a directory configuration file is first read to inform NOS of the location of the NOS service configuration files, e.g
\ka9q\bin\jnos107b.exe -f minn107.cfgIf you have a NOS flavour that performs this, go on to the next section. If not, skip the next section.
Startup = /ka9q/minnie.netOnce this file is read, NOS reads the initialisation file. The rest of this file is left for your perusal.
#SAMPLE: these are the defaults used. #These are new names for the various files and directories used in nos. #To use them, run nos as 'nos -fnos.cfg' #If you don't change a particular filename, you should comment out each #unneeded line, since they allocate memory for the new name. #lines need to be either comments (starting with #) #or have a valid 'file=filename' format. #(lines are NOT case sensitive.) #all others are ignored; this allows for different compiles to #use the same files-configuration file... #both spaces or tabs can be used as separators. #921125 - WG7J #the autoexec file containing system setup Startup = /ka9q/minnie.107 #the user permission file Userfile = /ka9q/ftpusers #the ftp host file for auto-login #Hostfile = /net.rc #the mail log file Maillog = /ka9q/spool/mail.log #the directory where local mail gets delivered Mailspool = /ka9q/spool/mail #the directory where mail gets queued for the smtp daemon to handle Mailqdir = /ka9q/spool/mqueue #this should have same path as the above!! Mailqueue = /ka9q/spool/mqueue/*.wrk #if you route mail, here is goes #Routeqdir = /ka9q/spool/rqueue #the mail alias file Alias = /ka9q/alias #the domain.txt file Dfile = /ka9q/domain.txt #directory where finger files go Fdir = /ka9q/finger #the file where the finger database is maintained Fdbase = /ka9q/finger/dbase.dat #the list of areas on the system #Arealist = /ka9q/spool/areas #mailbox message of the day Motdfile = /ka9q/spool/motd.txt #mail rewrite rules Rewritefile = /ka9q/spool/rewrite #user signatures go here #Signature = /spool/signatur #Bulletin ID's go here #Historyfile = /spool/history #Help files go in this directory Helpdir = /ka9q/spool/help #the user defaults file (created by system) UDefaults = /ka9q/spool/users.dat #backup of the above UDefbak = /spool/ka9q/users.bak #Convers user info file; notice that default is the same as Fdbase file ! Cinfo = /ka9q/finger/dbase.dat #pop users are listed in this #Popusers = /popusers #FTP message of the day Ftpmotd = /ka9q/spool/ftpmotd.txt #NNTP directory Newsdir = /ka9q/spool/news #BBS forward file #Forwardfile = /spool/forward.bbs #saved netrom routes go here #Netromfile = /netrom.sav #these commands get executed on exit #Onexit = /onexit.nos #expire command file #Expirefile = /spool/expire.dat #NNTP active file #Active = /spool/news/active #NNTP pointer file #Pointer = /spool/news/pointer #NNTP info #NInfo = /spool/news/info #NNTP help #Nhelp = /spool/news/help #NNTP message history file History = /ka9q/spool/news/history #NNTP forward #Forward = /spool/news/forward #NNTP poll #Poll = /spool/news/poll
# Last updated: 10:00am 921209 # # Canberra packet stations # gw.vk1bud.ampr.org. IN A 44.136.0.40 minnie.vk1xwt.ampr.org. IN A 44.136.7.129 # # Gateways to other packet stations # # # ADFA machines # cserve.cs.adfa.oz.au. IN A 131.236.20.1 cs_gate.cs.adfa.oz.au. IN A 131.236.20.2 cspyr1.cs.adfa.oz.au. IN A 131.236.20.7 joruth.cs.adfa.oz.au. IN A 131.236.20.69 minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au. IN A 131.236.20.70 convex.cc.adfa.oz.au. IN A 131.236.1.1 ccadfa.cc.adfa.oz.au. IN A 131.236.1.2 sserve.cc.adfa.oz.au. IN A 131.236.1.17 # # # Other machines # munnari.oz.au. IN A 128.250.1.21 # # Aliases # minnie.cs. IN CNAME minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au. csadfa. IN CNAME csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au. cspyr1. IN CNAME cspyr1.cs.adfa.oz.au. ccadfa. IN CNAME ccadfa.cc.adfa.oz.au. sserve. IN CNAME sserve.cc.adfa.oz.au. cserve. IN CNAME cserve.cs.adfa.oz.au. convex. IN CNAME convex.cc.adfa.oz.au. minnie. IN CNAME minnie.vk1xwt.ampr.org.
The gateway's domain name and IP address is given first. You must choose one of the two name/addresses that the gateway has. I use the AMPRnet name so as not to confuse the amateur users; the Internet users can cope.
# A U T O E X E C . N E T F O R W G 7 J # # # Local Definitions # hostname minnie.vk1xwt.ampr.org ip address minnie.vk1xwt.ampr.orgThe number of interrupt buffers should be set so as to minimise the number of lost packets, especially from an Ethernet. Minnie uses 10 interrupt buffers. Each buffer should be at least as large as the maximum packet size; the default buffer size is 2048 bytes. Minnie uses the `efficient' form of memory allocation which helps to keep the amount of available memory high.
# # Memory Parameters # # nibufs - number of interrupt buffers # eff - efficient. It's a better memory allocation algorithm. mem nibufs 10 mem eff onThe interfaces used by the gateway are now attached. Minnie has one Ethernet interface ec0 which is a packet driver, and a KISS interface ax0 using the built-in NOS KISS driver. Note that the soft/hardware interrupt values used by the packet driver must be the same as used when the packet driver was loaded in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
The largest packet size is also specified on the attach lines, 1500 for the ec0 interface, and 576 for the ax0 interface. You should read the NOS documenation for the other parameters.
# # Attach ports # # We have 2 interfaces: # ec0 connects minnie to the ADFA net # ax0 connects minnie to the local AMPR subnet attach packet 0x70 ec0 5 1500 attach asy 0x2f8 3 ax25 ax0 1024 576 9600With the interfaces attached, their addresses etc. must now be given. A gateway has two other interfaces: loopback is used to route the gateway's packets back to itself (for debugging purposes), and encap encapsulates packets and passes them back to the gateway for further routing.
For each interface you should specify the IP address, the maximum packet size and the broadcast address. The latter should have all non-network address bits as 1's. For example, 44.A/16 would have broadcast address 44.A.255.255, and 44.A.B/24 would have broadcast address 44.A.B.255. The encap interface should have the gateway's AMPRnet address, but broadcast should not be specified (it doesn't make sense anyway).
# # Interface addresses # # Although minnie's default ip address is minnie.v1kxwt, we need to use a # `real' Internet address for the ec0 connection. We also use minnie's ampr # ip address for encapsulation. ifc ec0 ipa minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au ifc ec0 broadcast 131.236.20.255 ifc ec0 mtu 1500 ifc ax0 ipa minnie.vk1xwt.ampr.org ifc ax0 mtu 576 ifc ax0 broadcast 44.136.7.255 ifc encap ipa minnie.vk1xwt.ampr.org ifc encap mtu 576With the above done, the only important thing to do next is to set up the routes for packets. However, I usually describe the name servers that are available for domain name to IP address lookups. This was before I found out that NOS doesn't use name servers while in the initialisation file.
You can specify several domain name servers. There are two local domain servers at ADFA, which are specified, as well as the authorative name server for the AMPRnet, ucsd.edu. A maximum lookup wait of 30 seconds is specified. Note that NOS uses the last named server first, so be sure to place your local nameservers last!
Minnie also acts as a caching name server itself: nameserver requests to minnie are passed on to the nameservers minnie knows, and the result is kept in minnie's memory in case it is again requested in the future. Minnie caches up to 200 domain name results.
# # Domain Servers # domain cache wait 30000 domain cache size 200 domain cache clean off domain addserver ucsd.edu domain addserver ccadfa.cc.adfa.oz.au domain addserver cspyr1.cs.adfa.oz.au dom maxwait 30 dom start dom trans onFinally, routing! A gateway needs the following routes:
Routes are specified as private. This prevents your gateway from advertising routes to the Internet, in the unlikely event that you are running RIP.
# # Routing # # The default route is via ec0. ax0 takes the subnet 44.136.7.128/25. Other # routes are via IP encapsulation to other 44. networks via the Internet. # See the file `gateways.xxx' for more details. We now load from a 2nd file, # encap.txt; this makes altering much easier. # route addprivate default ec0 cs_gate.cs.adfa.oz.au route addprivate 131.236.20/24 ec0 route addprivate 44.136.7.128/25 ax0 source encap.txtWith the routing specified, minnie's packet filtering (IP access) and connection filtering (TCP access) are given. The rule of thumb here is to first specify the range of addresses that are permitted access, then specify the range of addresses denied. If no denials are specified, then the default is to permit all.
The IP access is simple. All AMPRnet addresses can route packets over the ax0 interface, but all other addresses are denied.
For the TCP access, you must decide which services should be denied and from whom. On minnie, only the converse server running on TCP port 3600 has access denied. TCP access is permitted on AMPRnet addresses and ADFA addresses on TCP ports 1 to 3600. TCP access to port 3600 is denied to all others. Thus, all addresses are implicitly allowed to connect to all ports but 3600.
# # IP Access - prevent Joe Internet from accessing ax0 # ip access permit 44/8 ax0 ip access deny all ax0 # # TCP Access - prevent Joe Internet from accessing the converse server # tcp access permit 44/8 1 3600 tcp access permit 131.236.20/24 1 3600 tcp access deny all 3600TCP and IP parameters can now be detailed. The IP maximum hop count should now be at least 32, as the Internet is large enough to need this. The maximum segment size in TCP should be set to the smallest packet size (576 on ax0 and encap) minus 40.
# # Set TCP and IP parameters # ip ttl 32 # tcp mss 536 tcp window 2900 tcp irtt 10000 tcp syndata onWith the interfaces and routes ready, we can begin on the parameters of the gateway's services. These are all readily explained in the NOS documentation, and I will omit any descriptions here.
# # SMTP parameters # # Some mailing list recipients are stuffed :-( smtp batch off smtp timer 500 smtp usemx on smtp trace 0 smtp maxclients 7 # # Mbox parameters # attended off mb attend off mb tdisc 200 mb conv off # # Ftp parameters # ftptdisc 200 ftype bin # # Converse Commands # conv host CanberraMinnie is an interesting gateway, in that it runs both a SMTP mail service and a converse server, both of which seem to suffer from memory haemorrhages. This means that minnie is unlikely to stay up for more than 24 hours before running out of memory and hanging. If you are able to, I suggest you offload one or both of these services to a non-gateway machine.
To try and remedy this problem, minnie uses the `at' command in NOS to exit out of NOS every 6 hours, where it falls back to the NOS batch file, which cleans up and reruns NOS, reclaiming the lost memory. This is mostly sucessful, but under heavy use minnie will still hang.
# # AT commands # at 0001 exit at 0600 exit at 1200 exit at 1800 exitFinally, the gateway's services are started.
# # Start Servers # # The telnet server is activated so that people coming in from other 44. boxes # can leave mail, and eventually see what other calls to connect to. start echo start discard start ftp start smtp start finger start telnet start conversMiscellaneous stuff. Logging of incoming connections and server use is appended to the nos.log file, and the function keys F7 and F8 have the strings `mem stat', and `t s' attached, so minnie's operator can quickly review the memory status and the TCP connections to the gateway.
# # Misc # # Log server use. # Set up some function keys. log nos.log fkey 65 "mem stat" fkey 66 "t s" strace 0